In Early Warming:
Crisis and Response in the Climate-Changed North, Nancy Lord examines how
climate change is altering Alaska, neighboring regions, and the lives of
indigenous people who resides there. As global temperature increases worldwide,
it is affecting the poles the most. Lord takes on this challenging notion to
raise awareness of what our universe will be if we do not take drastic measures
to savor what is left from the effects of climate change.
In the past fifty years, in the past 50 years, year-round average state temperatures have risen by 3.4 degrees Fahrenheit, and average winter temperatures have increased 6.3 degrees. Though these numbers might seem harmless, in fact compared to past centuries, who’s year round temperatures only raised about 1.3 degrees Fahrenheit; still quite the increase. Lord explains that the temperature raise is caused by an “ice-albedo positive feedback”. This is due to a positive feedback loop between rising temperatures and shrinking ice and snow cover. Consequently, ice and snow reflect the sun’s rays back into space, but melting exposes darker earth and water, which absorb solar heat. That causes more warming, which causes more melting.
Lord first took notice of her backyard, the Kenai Peninsula. The stream temperatures on the Peninsula were rising above state standards for spawning and rearing salmon. In other words, on the peninsula spruce bark beetles decimated the old growth forest. The beetles have generally been kept in check by winter conditions, but as annual temperatures rose, their survival rates jumped and their life cycles hurried. The forest was unable to withstand the massive population explosion. The forest lost its trees, allowing sunlight to reach streams that were warming without sunlight exposure. As a result, it increased diseases within the salmon population in the region. Taking into account most of the residents on the Peninsula are fishermen by trade. Ichthyophonus is one of the diseases fatal to salmon; it leaves approximately forty percent of the annual salmon population inedible. This manifests in all sorts of economical matters.
Lord also took keen interest in a village located northwest of the Alaskan coast called Shishmaref. This village is being eroded by storm waves. This island is disappearing also due to the rise in temperatures, which causes glaciers to melt, which raises the sea levels. The temperature and sea level rise can be controlled economically but there are no funds to access this problem. Lord accounts that money is not the only outlet but rather taking better care of our environment can also control this dilemma. Furthermore, Lord goes to show that this issue is not just an economic problem but rather a “social, environmental and cultural issue” she writes.
Looking at the dilemma of the village of Shishmaref, one can see pre-note of this problem; and ultimately suggest its need to relocate. But once again, the funds for relocating are non-existence because it costs too much and the Alaskan government cannot and will not fund such amount.
Similarly, in Kaktovik, on Barter Island off the coastal plain of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, high waters are causing flooding. The sunlight on this Island is very minimum due to its coasts eroding away. Lord clarifies that the warming climate intensifies the coast lines in two ways: thawing permafrost loosens the earth and the loss of sea ice leaving coastline open to sea action, especially during storms. She settles on the alarming implications of the acceleration of sea ice summer melt, stating that white sea ice reflects about 80 percent of the sun’s heat while blue water absorbs about 90 percent. Lord illuminates the effects on the polar bear population for which Kaktovik is known.
In the past fifty years, in the past 50 years, year-round average state temperatures have risen by 3.4 degrees Fahrenheit, and average winter temperatures have increased 6.3 degrees. Though these numbers might seem harmless, in fact compared to past centuries, who’s year round temperatures only raised about 1.3 degrees Fahrenheit; still quite the increase. Lord explains that the temperature raise is caused by an “ice-albedo positive feedback”. This is due to a positive feedback loop between rising temperatures and shrinking ice and snow cover. Consequently, ice and snow reflect the sun’s rays back into space, but melting exposes darker earth and water, which absorb solar heat. That causes more warming, which causes more melting.
Lord first took notice of her backyard, the Kenai Peninsula. The stream temperatures on the Peninsula were rising above state standards for spawning and rearing salmon. In other words, on the peninsula spruce bark beetles decimated the old growth forest. The beetles have generally been kept in check by winter conditions, but as annual temperatures rose, their survival rates jumped and their life cycles hurried. The forest was unable to withstand the massive population explosion. The forest lost its trees, allowing sunlight to reach streams that were warming without sunlight exposure. As a result, it increased diseases within the salmon population in the region. Taking into account most of the residents on the Peninsula are fishermen by trade. Ichthyophonus is one of the diseases fatal to salmon; it leaves approximately forty percent of the annual salmon population inedible. This manifests in all sorts of economical matters.
Lord also took keen interest in a village located northwest of the Alaskan coast called Shishmaref. This village is being eroded by storm waves. This island is disappearing also due to the rise in temperatures, which causes glaciers to melt, which raises the sea levels. The temperature and sea level rise can be controlled economically but there are no funds to access this problem. Lord accounts that money is not the only outlet but rather taking better care of our environment can also control this dilemma. Furthermore, Lord goes to show that this issue is not just an economic problem but rather a “social, environmental and cultural issue” she writes.
Looking at the dilemma of the village of Shishmaref, one can see pre-note of this problem; and ultimately suggest its need to relocate. But once again, the funds for relocating are non-existence because it costs too much and the Alaskan government cannot and will not fund such amount.
Similarly, in Kaktovik, on Barter Island off the coastal plain of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, high waters are causing flooding. The sunlight on this Island is very minimum due to its coasts eroding away. Lord clarifies that the warming climate intensifies the coast lines in two ways: thawing permafrost loosens the earth and the loss of sea ice leaving coastline open to sea action, especially during storms. She settles on the alarming implications of the acceleration of sea ice summer melt, stating that white sea ice reflects about 80 percent of the sun’s heat while blue water absorbs about 90 percent. Lord illuminates the effects on the polar bear population for which Kaktovik is known.
In the later chapters, her attention shifts to the boreal forest of Alaska and Canada, that vast wilderness storehouse of carbon that circles the Northern Hemisphere.
The problem arises when the forestlands
capture more CO2 than the rainforests. This simply means as the
forest expands, the tundra lands that formerly reflected solar energy back into
the atmosphere are replaced with dark biomass that absorbs it. This offsets the
benefits of a larger forest.
Throughout the book, we know that climate change is altering subsistence lifestyles in various ways. For instance, weather patterns are harder to predict because of the inconstancy of weather changes. Overall this book gives voice to the natives in rural Alaska and Canada whom this climate changes is affecting the most and are being ignored by Alaska’s congressional representatives who dismisses global warming as a myth. It is obvious that the Alaskan government is taking a lax approach by practically saying the communities can move if they want, but the state has not committed to keeping communities together or helping them maintain their cultures.
Throughout the book, we know that climate change is altering subsistence lifestyles in various ways. For instance, weather patterns are harder to predict because of the inconstancy of weather changes. Overall this book gives voice to the natives in rural Alaska and Canada whom this climate changes is affecting the most and are being ignored by Alaska’s congressional representatives who dismisses global warming as a myth. It is obvious that the Alaskan government is taking a lax approach by practically saying the communities can move if they want, but the state has not committed to keeping communities together or helping them maintain their cultures.